[UPDATE July 12, 2011: President Gamble was one of 21 people listed in an Inspector General report who "were not responsible for, and did not contribute to or abide, sexual assault problems at USAFA. When informed of problems, they took appropriate action." The
full post is here.]
From a
New York Times article on April 5, 1995:
The report said the percentage of female students indicating they had experienced at least 1 of 10 forms of sexual harassment on a recurring basis was 78 percent at the Air Force Academy, an increase from 59 percent of the female students who responded to the same survey in 1990-91. The questionnaires were sent to randomly selected students at each academy.
Why is this relevant? Because last night, University of Alaska Presidential Candidate, Gen. Patrick Gamble, mentioned at the community reception in Juneau, that he had been the Commandant of the Air Force Academy. Because of how quickly the finalists were announced and then arrived, I'd only glanced at his resume and hadn't caught that
reference [it's under Previous Assignments.]
Commandant of the US Air Force Academy. Directed all training, policy development, dormitory, food service, military classroom education and logistics support for 4000 students. [Emphasis added]
But by this afternoon my brain had managed to link his comment and stories about sexual harassment at the military academies.
So today I checked when Gen. Gamble was the Commandant at the Air Force Academy. His curriculum-vita doesn't mention dates, but Google led me to
Wikipedia which does:
June 1993 - November 1994, commandant of cadets and commander, 34th Training Wing, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
So Gen. Gamble began as Commandant two years after the initial study and left five months before the GAO study cited by the
New York Times.
The article does say:
Service academy officials disputed these particular conclusions and pointed to two recent incidents. After a female freshman at the Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs told school officials that several young men had sexually assaulted her in February 1993, 12 other women came forward with other claims, ranging from date rape to groping. An instructor and cadet were court-martialed, three other male students resigned and three more were disciplined.
So this would appear to have happened during Gamble's tenure. This does indicate that not everything was ignored. But there are twelve women cited (it doesn't say how many specific cases) and two people court martialed and three people disciplined. Three others resigned, presumably with nothing on their records. It does show that in some cases there was a response.
And the report says 78% of women experienced some form of sexual harassment and eight presumed harassers were impacted. (According to Table II.1 of the GAO study they included 90 of the 517 women cadets in their sample.)
A year and a half in charge of the Air Force Academy is not a long time. And there's clearly nothing here to suggest anything about sexual harassment on Gen. Gamble's part. However, this issue does raise some questions about his management effectiveness.
Wednesday night, Gen. Gamble spoke of his outcomes based approach. He said management was about people, about "
giving them a clear expectations of what the outcome you want is, and not getting in the way of them getting there"
We know there was a 1991 report which reported significant levels of sexual harassment at the military academies. So when he took command in April 1993, one would expect that he might have considered it important enough to give his management team "clear expectations of what the outcome [he] want[ed was]."
We don't know what happened. There are various possibilities:
- It wasn't a priority item for him so he did not make lowering the incidence of sexual harassment one of his expectations for his Air Force Academy team.
- He did make it a priority, but was not effective in changing the outcomes
- He did make it a priority, but the impacts didn't show up until a later study.
A
September 2003 General Accounting Office (GAO) study - the next one listed in my
search of the GAO site - did include this note that suggested that sexual harassment was still an issue nine years later:
Additionally, during the survey period, issues associated with alleged sexual assaults at the Air Force Academy became widely reported in the press, and several Air Force and Department of Defense (DOD) investigations commenced. Due to concerns about the overall lower Air Force Academy survey response rates, we extended the survey period by a week to March 7, 2003, at all academies.
Another case, which may or may not have surfaced while Gamble commanded the Air Force Academy, is discussed in a Dec. 14, 1996
Colorado Springs Gazette article [note I got the article through the UAA library and the link may require a password]:
A settlement was reached Friday in the case of a former Air Force Academy cadet who claims she was brutalized during survival training at the Air Force Academy more than three years ago.
Attorneys for both the Air Force and Elizabeth Saum agreed that they wouldn't comment on specifics of the agreement. The academy also declined to comment.
"We thought the settlement was just," said Doris Besikof, Saum's attorney, after a brief hearing in U.S. District Court in Denver. "She (Saum) is pleased she has closure. That's what she desperately needed."
Saum's 1994 complaint has been among the most serious - and publicized - sexual harassment allegations at the academy. It was the subject of news reports and inspired a segment by ABC News' "20/20." Since then, the academy has significantly expanded its sexual harassment prevention efforts and toughened discipline for offenders.
In her lawsuit, Saum said she was targeted for sexual harassment from her first day at the military school in 1992. The alleged abuse culminated in 1993, Saum's sophomore year, during the vigorous and realistic Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape program, the suit said. A requirement for graduation, the 20-day course teaches cadets how to survive in the wild, avoid capture, endure physical or mental torture and escape captivity. The Air Force dropped several components of the course in 1995. . .
The times in this case leave it open whether anything was actually reported while Gen. Gamble was Commandant. Since he took over in June 1993, the incident may have occurred prior to his arrival. The article says it was first reported in 1994. General Gamble left in November 1994, so the odds are he was there when it was reported.
What's my point here? The situation at the Air Force Academy during Gamble's reign raises questions about the effectiveness of General Gamble's leadership in an issue that is significant to a large percentage of UAA students and faculty. Remember,
he takes credit in his CV for directing
"all training, policy development, dormitory, food service, military classroom education and logistics support"
at the Air Force Academy when 78% of the women cadets reported sexual harassment on a recurring basis.
It's possible that the search committee has carefully reviewed all this and determined that Gen. Gamble's role was exemplary. And I would understand that they might not wish to draw attention to the issue if not asked. So I'm asking. But somehow I doubt this was ever discussed.
What action did Gen. Gamble take on sexual harassment at the Academy?
The candidates' names have been public for four days, making it difficult for anyone outside the committee to actually figure out there might be an issue here and to contact people who were at the Air Force Academy at the time to determine whether Gamble did make a vigorous effort to change the campus climate or not.
If he didn't,
that raises questions about his values and priorities, given that studies had revealed an appalling rate of complaints among women cadets.
If he did give it a high priority,
it raises questions about the effectiveness of the management style he shared with members of the Juneau community last night.
And even if I had put all this together before last night, simply asking about this at a community reception wouldn't have been enough. Gen. Gamble is a skillful speaker and could convincingly dismiss this all.
It really does require some confirmation from other sources. Like some of the female cadets at the Air Force Academy in 1993 and 1994.
Here's the summary of the 1995 GAO Report based on studies during 1993-1994.
Summary
In an update of an earlier study that reported widespread sexual harassment of women at the nation's military academies, GAO found that a majority of female recruits in academic year 1993-94 continued to experience sexual harassment. The most common forms of harassment included demeaning remarks and visual displays, such as posters or graffiti. However, between 36 and 42 percent of the women at each academy reported unwelcome physical contact of a sexual nature, including fondling and kissing. Academy men perceived an improved atmosphere for reporting sexual harassment, with significant declines in the percentages seeing negative consequences for reporting sexual harassment. The responses of academy women, however, showed no such change in perceived consequences.
GAO found that: (1) more than 70 percent of academy women reported experiencing at least one form of sexual harassment on at least a monthly basis, while about 11 percent of men reported such exposure; (2) the proportion of women at the Naval and Air Force Academies who reported sexual harassment on a recurring basis significantly increased from the 1990-1991 academic year; (3) the most common forms of sexual harassment were verbal comments and visual displays; (4) although men perceived an improvement in the atmosphere and less negative consequences for reporting sexual harassment, women did not perceive an improvement; (5) between 36 and 42 percent of the women were subjected at least once during the year to physical behavior that interfered with their performance or created a hostile environment; and (6) 11 to 22 percent of the women reported sexual advances that were tied to some aspect of their academy careers. [Emphsis added.]
