Narrative 1:
Narrative 2:
The free market has many positive benefits, but it also commodifies our collective resources resulting in the catastrophic destruction of the Earth's species and if we don't stop this trend immediately, we will destroy those things that makes life possible on earth.
I am much closer to the second narrative than first. One of the most persuasive arguments in Wilson's book (he favors Narrative 2) comes in the chapter "How Much is the Biosphere Worth?" A 1997 study estimated the annual value at $33 trillion.
Ecosystems services are defined as the flow of materials, energy, and information from the biosphere that support human existence. They include the regulation of the atmosphere and climate; the purification and retention of fresh water; the formation and enrichment of the soil; nutrient cycling; the detoxification and recirculation of water; the pollination of crops; and the production of lumber, fodder, and biomass fuel. [p. 106]Reading this book as oil floods the Gulf of Mexico and eight years after it was published, my basic view of the world was reinforced and my frustration with my fellow humans who choose to ignore the impact human population increases have had on the earth and who choose to ignore the impact of their gluttonous consumption of the world's resources. It's as though we have been selling off pieces of our back yard garden where we've been growing our food and now we are taking the wood off our house for heating fuel without thinking about where we will get our food and where we will live in the future. When will we realize that consuming our resources like this can't end well?
I sympathize with people who cling to the material things that were part of the American dream as they were growing up. But I'd also point out that happiness can be found at lower levels of material consumption. Sure, we need a basic level of comfort - housing, food, security, etc. But where is that basic level? How is it that generations of humans lived well without big screen televisions, without SUVs, without 2200 square foot homes, etc? Are all these things worth an unsustainable exploitation of the earth's resources? Wilson says strongly no.
My book group met Wednesday night to discuss E. O. Wilson's book The Future of Life. It's a short (189 pages) but difficult book. It's data heavy and could use, as one of the group members suggested, much better headings and titles. For example, Wilson talks about biodiversity for much of the book and I was looking for where he was going to tell us why this is important. It wasn't obvious. I finally found it in the chapter called "For the Love of Life" which would more usefully have been titled "Why Biodiversity Matters."
Wilson also doesn't do a good job of clearly telling us his key points. They're there, but hidden in all the data. I did read the book carefully, taking lots of notes, so I did get some of them. But without Wilson spelling them out, I have to guess that these are the ones he thinks are the key points.
1. Biodiversity* is shrinking. We are losing species and genetic variety at a faster and faster pace every year.
2. The Causes of Biodiversity are summarized as HIPPO;
Habitat destruction. Hawaii's forests, for example, have been three-fourths cleared, with the unavoidable decline and extinction of many species.I need to emphasize population because he spends a lot of time on this. The increase in human population underlies the other four factors.
Invasive species. Ants, pigs, and other aliens displace the native Hawaiian species.
Pollution. Fresh water, marine coastal water, and the soil of the islands are contaminated, weakening and erasing more species.
Population. More people means more of all the other HIPPO effects.
Overharvesting. Some species, especially birds, were hunted to rarity and extinction during the early Polynesian occupation. [p. 100; Hawaii is just the example of what is happening around the world here]
3. It's late in the game to stop this destruction of biodiversity but if humans become aware and have the will, it is possible. The final chapter is called "The Solution." I have problems with the idea of a "solution" in human affairs. We don't solve issues as though they were math problems. Rather we better balance the factors that affect the issue, and we may well unbalance it in the future. And given the negativity of most of the book, one wonders whether the author really believes things can be changed or if the editors said it needed a happier ending. But here are some of the things he offers in that chapter.
- Ethics - Humans, he argues, have a genetic propensity toward fairness. If people see that some people are destroying the planet by using more than their fair share, they will fight for fairness. (But what if they are the ones gaining unfairly?)
- The way is to change people's narrative. We think of the environment (all of its resources) as capital.
Having appropriated the planet's natural resources, we chose to annuitize them with a short-term maturity reached by progressively increasing payouts. At the time it seemed a wise decision. To many it still does. The result is rising per-capita production and consumption, markets awash in consumer goods and grain, and a surplus of optimistic economics. But there is a problem: the key elements of natural capital, Earth's arable land, ground water, insects, marine fisheries, and petroleum, are ultimately finite, and not subject to proportionate capital growth. Moreover, they are being decapitalized by overharvesting and environmental destruction. With population and consumption continuing to grow, the per-capita resources left to be harvested are shrinking. The long-term prospects are not promising. Awakened at last to this approaching difficulty, we have begun a frantic search for substitutes.
This leads to two problems:- Economic disparity and
- Accelerating extinction of natural ecosystems and species
He suggests adding statistics that take into account the value of the biosphere into our evaluations of economic assets and deficits as one way to change how we use our resources.
He then goes on to list the action that can be taken to turn things around
- Salvage the world's hotspots - those habitats that are both at the greatest risk and shelter the largest concentration of species found nowhere else.
- Keep intact the five remaining frontier forests (combined Amazon Basin and the Guianas; Congo of Central Africa; New Guinea; the temperate conifer forests of Canada and Alaska combined; the temperate conifer forests of Russia, Finland, and Scandinavia combines.)
- Cease all logging of old growth forests everywhere.
- Everywhere concentrate on lake and river systems, which are the most threatened ecosystems of all.
- Define and prioritize the marine hotspots of the world.
- Complete the mapping of the world's biological diversity
- Use most advanced ecosystem mapping techniques to ensure full range of the world's ecosystems are included in global conservation strategies.
- Make conservation profitable.
- Use biodiversity to benefit the world economy as a whole.
- Initiate restoration projects to increase the share of the Earth allotted to nature.
- Increase capacity of zoos and botanical gardens to breed endangered species.
- Support population planning
There are other issues the book raised for me:
1. What is a reasonable human population on earth where humans can live a comfortable live style that doesn't use up the Earth's resources?
2. How do we get there?
3. How do we get people to see the collective impact of individual behavior as we try to balance saving the biosphere and biodiversity with the market economy?
4. How do we conceive the difference between the death of individuals and the death a species?
5. How do we understand what is a normal rate of species extinction versus a human caused rate of species extinction?
All of these are addressed in the book to some degree, but need much more discussion.
Some group members expressed the bittersweet hope that the oil spill might help raise people's awareness of how our resource use endangers the planet.
*From his glossary at the back of the book:
Biodiversty: All of the hereditary variation in organisms, from differences in ecosystems to the species composing each ecosystem, thence to the generic variation in each of the species As a term, biodiversity may be used to refer to the variety of life of all of Earth or to any part of it - hence the biodiversity of Peru or the biodiversity of a Peruvian rainforest. (p. 213-214)
NOTE: Blogspot sent out a notice that they have a new agreement with Amazon to enable bloggers mentioning books to automatically link to Amazon so that readers can easily buy the book and the blogger would get a percentage. I have resisted ads on this blog for various reasons - including aesthetics, conflicts of interest, and the fact that the size of my readership isn't large enough to earn me significant profits anyway. But I thought I'd mention this. There are some books I mention I wouldn't encourage my readers to buy.
But this one I think everyone should read. Including our governor and mayor who strongly support economic development without calculating the costs to the biosphere of the projects. Neither cares if we wipe out the Cook Inlet beluga whale population - which NOAA has declared an endangered species - if it means that we'd have to think more creatively to maintain our current economic situation. But the governor has vetoed money that would have added about 1200 kids and about 100 mothers to Denali Kid Care health insurance because some of the money might be used for an abortion. The intentional loss of one potential human being is more important to our governor, it seems, than the loss of a whole species.
