Evidential Languages Part III -

In evidential languages, as I understand it, there are verb tenses, which indicate whether the speaker personally witnessed the events they are relating.  

As I move along in my Duolingo Turkish lessons, I've come to the Turkish version of this.

In Turkish - you use a different past tense ending for things that you actually witnessed than for things you only heard second hand!   

"In Turkish, there are different ways to talk about the past. For example, you can put 

‑di/dı/du/dü   [in Turkish you use vowels in the suffixes that match those in the word]

 after the base word.

Yüzdüm.  [He swam]

Sen buraya geldin."  [You came here - word by word: You here came]

But forms of ‑di are only for things you actually witnessed. If you didn’t, you use 

‑mış/miş/müş/muş

 instead.

Yüzmüş.

(I heard that) he swam.

Biri benim ekmeğimi yemiş.

(Apparently) someone ate my bread."

As I tried to digest this, I realized that I had heard of this phenomenon before.  That such languages are called evidential languages. 

And that I've written about them before.  The first time was in 2010.  Evidential Languages.  It's short and pretty clear.  

The second time was in 2015.  "Alien forms of historical consciousness and discourse" - For Example: Arapaho Narrative Past

This 2015 post discusses how different languages cause us to see the world slightly (or significantly) differently by having words and grammar patterns that don't exist in another language.  It also raises questions about political implications if we had a tense like that in English.  Would it be harder for politicians to lie?  I'm guessing they've figured out work arounds.  

But another point I want to make is that with such different tenses, people are required to internalize the concept reflected in the vocabulary and in the grammar.  Having to distinguish between something you witnessed from something you hear second hand, and having to do that unconsciously as you speak seems pretty significant.  And as the translations of theTurkish examples above suggest, we have adverbs in English that allow us to add that notion to a sentence, such as "Apparently."  Or we could say, "He told me that. . .," or "I heard that . . ."  But we can leave such qualifiers out of the sentence.  But if you use a verb tense that means you witnessed it, it would seem it would be equivalent to saying, "I saw this happen."  

I don't know how this all actually works in these languages.  But it's interesting to think about.  

I also see that in a comment on the first post on this topic, KDS pointed out the Turkish example I just discovered for myself.